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DEPARTMENT
OF COMMUNITY HEALTH OVERVIEW The
Department of Community Health follows the mode of teaching which begins
in the early stages of training, at 200 level when introduction is made
into Human Ecology and Social medicine. Later biostatistics is introduced
followed by demography and environmental health. It also teaches medical
ethics, public health nutrition, epidemiology and international Health.
The curriculum in the department is accomplished through clinical,
laboratory/field experiences and lectures/tutorials/seminars/conferences
and individual/group presentations. OBJECTIVES (a)
To introduce to the student the concept of Community Health and its
relevance in the health care delivery system of Nigeria. (b)
To equip the students with the knowledge and skills to be able to
carry out epidemiological studies to identify the prevalent health
problems in the community and also to determine ways and methods of
alleviating these problems. (c)
To equip the students with the knowledge and skills to be able to
plan, organize and evaluate appropriate health programmes (promotive,
preventive, curative and rehabilitative) in collaboration with other
members of the health team in order to reduce mortality and morbidity in
the community and also to improve the quality of life generally. (d)
To develop in the students the spirit of team work in promoting
health in all population groups of Nigeria. TEACHING
AND LEARNING METHODS Transparencies,
projection slides, power points and audio-video recordings will be used
for teaching. At
the pre-clinical level, visits will be made under supervision to
Environmental Health, Social Medicine facilities and Homes, to obtain
experience. While at the
clinical level, occupational health, primary health care, school health
services, endemic diseases clinics will be visited.
Community diagnosis will be an integral part of training in
Community Health. Seminars,
tutorials, demonstrations and practical will be used to complement
lectures. EVALUATION Students
are evaluated on the basis of satisfactory participation in the
clinical/field assignment, lectures, tutorials, seminars –
attendance/examinations and satisfactory completion of the
research/project work. Two
main examinations which take into consideration above stated evaluation
methods and continuous assessment in form of various examinations and
assessments by staff supervising, will be conducted. The
first examination will be at the 300 level along with Anatomy,
Biochemistry and Physiology. The
second and final examination will be held at the 600 level along with
Medicine and Surgery. There
will be an assessment after each course, which will form part of the
continuous assessment for both 1st and 5th MBBS Examination in Community
Health respectively Level
Units
Courses COH
231
1
History of Medicine COH
232
1
Human Ecology COH
233
1
Social Medicine COH
331
2
Biostatistics COH
332
1
Demography COH
333
2
Environmental Health COH
431
1
Medical Ethics COH
432
2
Reproductive/Family Health COH
433
1
Health Education COH
434
1
Public Health Nutrition COH
531
2
Epidemiology – Principles/Methods COH
532
1
Occupational Health COH
533
1
International Health COH
534
3
Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-
communicable diseases COH
535
1
Health Service Management and Administration COH
536
1
Research Methodology COH
631
1
Rehabilitative Medicine
COH
632
8
Community Health and Primary Health Care Posting COH
633
3
Project Work 200
LEVEL CLASS COH
231: HISTORY OF MEDICINE
(1 CREDIT) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the
evolution of medicine. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Introduction
to Community Health -Concept
of Health -Dimension
of Health -Determinants
of Health -Spectrum
of Health -Indicators
of Health -Health
and Development Medicine
in Antiquity -Primitive
Medicine -Indian
Medicine -Chinese
Medicine -Egyptian
Medicine -Mesopotamian
Medicine -Greek
Medicine -Roman
Medicine -Middle
Ages Dawn
of Scientific Medicine -Revival
of Medicine -Sanitary
Awakening -Rise
of Public Health -Germ
theory of disease -Birth
of Preventive Medicine Modern
Medicine -Curative
Medicine -Preventive
Medicine -Social
Medicine -Changing
Concepts of Public Health Medical
Revolution Health
Care Revolution COH
232: HUMAN ECOLOGY (1 CREDIT) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to describe man and his
environment. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Ecological
concepts. Components
of the ecology (physical, biological and social). Man’s
interaction with environment. Global
Warming: Concepts and Principles Effects
of Global Warming on Health COH
233: SOCIAL MEDICINE (1 CREDIT) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the human
organizations and systems human
populations behavioural
concepts in public health the
roles of culture, social, psychological and geographical factors in the
aetiology of disease. The relationship between social class and other
family characteristics and accessibility to health care services and
attitudes toward seeking medical care. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content History
of Social Medicine Social
Structure/Class, Culture and Health Behaviour,
Illness and Health Stages
of Human Development Life
events, Illness and Health Life
Style, Illness and Health Psychosomatic
Illnesses Classification
and Causes of Handicaps Programmes
for the Handicaps Substance/Drug
abuse classification, dependency diagnosis and treatment Behaviour
therapies/behaviour modification and behaviour diagnosis Social
Welfare Services in Nigeria and other countries Medical
Psychology -Introduction
to pscyhology; definition and history of psychology -Psychology
and Medical Practice -Field
of psychology; an introductory orientation to various fields and
specialties of psychology. -Schools
of thought in psychology -Psychology
as a science -Behaviour,
motivation, moods, emotion and feelings -Perception,
thinking, intelligence, cognitive development, creativity, dynamics of
personality etc. 300
LEVEL CLASS COH
331: BIOSTATISTICS (2 CREDITS) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the theory
and techniques of collecting, collating, analyzing and interpreting data. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Role
of Biostatistics in medicine Collection
and organization of data Scales
of Measurement Presentation
of data Measures
of central tendency Measures
of variability Probability
and inductive statistics Normal
Distribution Test
Statistics Parametric
tests Non-parametric
tests Correlation
and regression Application
of computers in medicine/medical informatics COH
332: DEMOGRAPHY (1 CREDIT) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the socially
and biologically based population processes and their consequences on
public health and social policy. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Sources
of population data Sources
of health and vital statistics Demographic
components, Demographic theories, measurement of fertility and mortality Population
dynamics, structure and growth Standardization
of Rates COH
333: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (2 CREDITS) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the
relationship between environmental factors and health and acquire skills
on the assessment and management of modern environmental health problems. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content The
Environment and health Components
of environmental health Water
supply and waste disposal Housing
and health Food
Hygiene Vector
control Medical
Toxicology Legislation
and environmental health 400
LEVEL CLASS COH
431: MEDICAL ETHICS (1 CREDIT) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the
code of conduct and professional responsibilities during the provision of
services and research. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content History
and evolution of medical ethics International
code of medical ethics Duties
of doctors The
Nigerian Medical Council Professional
Negligence/Responsibility/Confidentiality/Misconduct Ethics
of Medical Research The
doctor and the law: Judicial, Coroner’s Court COH
432: REPRODUCTIVE/FAMILY HEALTH (2 CREDITS) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the concepts
and inter-relationship of physical growth, developmental maturation,
family structure, function, and roles together with promotive, preventive,
curative and rehabilitative health principles and practices. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Concepts,
components and objectives of reproductive/family health Determinants
of reproductive/family health Measurements
of reproductive/family health Sexual
development Adolescent
reproductive health Family
planning Sexually
Transmitted Infections Cancers
in reproductive health Harmful
practices, reproductive rights and gender issues Prevention
of maternal deaths and disabilities Organization
and evaluation of family health programmes COH
433: HEALTH
EDUCATION (2 CREDITS) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the health
education processes including assessment, planning, implementation and
evaluation of health education interventions. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content The
nature and scope of health education Current
theories and models of health behaviour The
health communication process Mass
and Interpersonal communication: Theories, Models and Methods Audio-Visual
Media and Technology Community
Education, Mobilization and Development: -Community
Development Process -Community
participation and social mobilization strategies -Community
strategies for community mobilization Social
Marketing Strategies COH
434: PUBLIC
HEALTH NUTRITION (1 CREDITS) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the use
of the science of nutrition to identify and intervene in health problems
related to nutrition. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Food
classes and classification
Functions
of major food classes Nutrition
and health Infection
and nutrition Epidemiology
and control of common nutritional problems in Nigeria Nutritional
values of common Nigerian foodstuffs Food
policy, hygiene and toxicology Assessment
of nutritional status Principles
of therapeutic nutrition Nutrition
education 500
LEVEL CLASS COH
531: EPIDEMIOLOGY:
PRINCIPLES/METHODS (CREDITS) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to provide knowledge and
skills 1.
To conduct epidemiologic research. 2.
Formulate disease preventive strategies. 3.
Provide knowledge and skills to critically review health –
related research literatures. 4.
Predict future trends in disease occurrences. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Historical
concepts of epidemiology Definition
and uses of epidemiology Epidemiological
study designs – methods Measurement
of health and disease Principles
of disease causation and prevention Measurement
of risk of disease using epidemiologic data Evaluation
of diagnostic and screening tests Critical
reading of published reports Application
of epidemiology in health policy and services COH
532: OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH (1 CREDIT) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list acquire
knowledge and skills on diseases associated with occupational exposures
and how they can be prevented. And also to know how to organize and manage
occupational health services. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Principles
of occupational health History
of and landmarks in occupational health Functions
of an occupational health service Discipline
and areas of practice in occupational health The
work environment The
interaction between work and health Principles
of disease prevention and hazard control in the industry Diseases
due to physical factors: heat and cold effects: ionizing and non-ionizing
radiation: noise as a health hazard: pressure vibration and mechanical
stress; light and darkness problems. Mechanical
environment and its problems: work ergonomics, the man-machine interface occupational
accidents; epidemiology and control of work accident. Disease
due to biological agents: anthrax, bagassosis; farmers’ hands; birds
facies diseases; hook-worm, brucellosis, leptospirosis, rabies. Diseases
due to chemical agents: -Diseases
due to metals; lead, mercury, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium tin,
manganese, iron, copper, zinc. -Diseases
due to chemical compounds; organic compounds; halogenated hydrocarbons;
bis (chloromethyl) esthers; pesticides; benzidine; the naphthylkamines;
toxic gases and fumes; irritant gases and fumes. -Occupational
cancers: lungs, oronasal mucosa, sinuses, leukaemia, plura, liver, skin. -Occupational
diseases: silicosis, coal workers pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, the benign
pneumoconiosis, extrinsic alveolitis, byssinosis, other obstructive
occupational lung diseases: granulomatosis lung diseases; simple
occupational pneumonitis; occupational chronic bronchitis. -Regulation
and control of occupational health problems: occupational legislation:
factory laws; workman compensation laws; labour laws; miscellaneous
occupational legislations; organization of occupational health
internationally and in Nigeria: health education in the industry, role of
the labour union in occupational health services; ethics in occupational
health. -Special
issues in occupational health: special groups in occupational health
women, the disabled, special screen and programmes in occupational health,
occupational psychology and services; agricultural occupational health,
occupational health in mining, petroleum, road and air transportation
migrant workers. COH
533: INTERNATIONAL
HEALTH (1 CREDIT) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the concepts
of International Health and the role of International Health regulations
and agencies in the control of internationally notifiable diseases. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Scope
and content of international health Origins
and development of international health International
health regulations Port
health services – objectives, organization and functions Role
of international and Non-Government Health Agencies in promoting
International health. International
aspect of communicable disease control International
travel and health COH
534: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COMMUNICABLE AND NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (3
CREDITS) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the
skills
required for the prevention of diseases of Public Health importance. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Communicable
diseases -Terms
and concepts used in communicable disease epidemiology -The
natural history of diseases: the cycle of health and disease -Human
immunity and factor of human immunity against diseases: herd immunity,
etc. -Epidemiological
classification of infectious diseases -Diseases
transmitted through the respiratory tract viral, bacterial fungal and
others: -Chicken pox influenza, acute respiratory infections, measles,
rubella, mumps, infectious mononucleosis, diphtheria, meningococcal
meningitis, pertussis, Hemophilus influenzae, pneumoccoccal
infections, streptococcal infection, tuberculosis, leprosy, psittacosis
histoplasmosis, legionnaires disease. -Diseases
transmitted through the gastro-intestinal tract: “faeco-oral diseases:,
poliomyelitis, hepatitis, acute gastroenteritis, staphylococcal diseases,
typhoid shigellosis, enterobiasis, taeniasis, hydatid disease,
paragonimiasis, guinea worm, etc. -Vector-borne
disease: malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis, the
blood filariasis, plague, yellow fever, dengue. -Diseases
of contact of active penetration hookworm, scistosomiasis,
strongyloidiasis, tetanus, rabies, leptospirosis, lice, scabies, leprosy. -Sexually
Transmitted Diseases: gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, trichomoniasis,
candidiasis, non-gonococcal urethritis/vaginitis, chlamydia urethritis/cervicitis,
herpes genitalia, Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (H.I.V.), Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (A.I.D.S.), condylomata acuminata, molluscum
contagiosum, pubic lice, scabies, hepatitis B, Reiters disease, etc. -Nosocomial
infections: definition, agents, site, sources and predispositions;
prevention and control (surveillance) of nosocomial infections. -Surveillance
and notification of diseases in general:
locally and internationally notifiable diseases; internationally
notifiable diseases and mechanisms. -Arthropods
of medical importance and their control. Non
- communicable diseases: -Hypertension
and common cardiovascular problems -Diabetes -Sickle
Cell Anaemia -Cancers -Disorders
of vision and hearing -Prevention
of mental problems -Hereditary
disorders COH
535: HEALTH
SERVICE MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION (1 CREDIT) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to understand
the basic concepts, principles, tools and techniques of modern management
and their practical application at various levels of health care delivery
(primary, secondary and tertiary; public and private sectors). To
acquire skills in modern health management required for improved
performance, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency in health care delivery
services. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content History
of health services administration Concepts,
principles and functions of management Comparative
analysis of health care system in different countries Organization
and management of health services in Nigeria The
Health Team The
health planning process Management
of human, material and financial resources Health
Management Information System The
economics of health care Evaluation
of health services Industrial
relations in health sector COH
536: RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY (1 CREDIT) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to have the knowledge and
skills to carry out scientific research. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Planning
of health survey Sampling
techniques Techniques
for proposal writing Design
for medical and public health studies Questionnaire
design, data collection, analysis and interpretation Report
writing 600
LEVEL CLASS COH
631: REHABILITATIVE MEDICINE (1 CREDIT) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to educate students on
the emerging concept of rehabilitative medicine and equip them with
knowledge and skills to identify, manage and prevent the health problems
of the elderly. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Rehabilitation:
concepts and principles Definition
and the need for rehabilitative medicine Nature
and extent of the problem Economics
of the problem Programme
needs and goals Health
care and programmes for specified disadvantaged population groups Identification,
problems, and organization of specific programmes to meet their needs. Social
geriatrics Definition
and classification of the aged Problems
of the aged, its magnitude and identification of predisposing factors Development
of relevant programmes Roles
of agencies, Government and Non-Governmental COH 632: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND PRIMARY HEALTH CARE POSTING (8 CREDITS) Course
objectives: At
the end of the course the student should be able to develop the skill,
attitude and motivation to work and live in rural environments, to assess
the health of the people, to promote the health and to organize relevant
programmes to alleviate the people’s health problems. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content This
includes 4 weeks residence in the rural communities and the gaining of
practical experiences in the following fields. For
primary health Curative
services Environmental
health Family
health Health
education Immunization
and control of common communicable diseases Promotion
of relevant data and evaluation of programmes Promotion
of nutrition Carrying
out of specific community health research projects Home
visiting Training
and supervision of auxiliaries and other health professionals Primary
Health Care Posting Objective: To
introduce the students to the concept of primary health care and to
instill in them the technical skills to operate at the Primary Health Care
level. This
posting is to last for a period of 4 weeks and to be spent in selected
urban/rural settings.
During the period, students will gain experience in the following
areas: Family
health (maternal and child health/family planning) Health
management General
Medical Practice Community
mobilization and health education Environmental
health Promotion
of nutrition PRIMARY
HEALTH CARE (PHC) Level
Units
Courses 600
2
Principles of Primary Health Care 1
Introduction to Community Health Planning and
Management
1
Family Planning and Maternal Health
2
Health Education
2
Health Services Management and Evaluation
4
Component Services of Primary Health Care, Care of
Common Diseases.
2
PHC Posting Primary
Health Care PHC 632 6 Credits Objectives At
the end of the course the student should possess the knowledge, attitude
and skill to: Diagnose
the health problems of a defined community Develop
a Primary Health Care plan for the defined community Deliver
the 8 component services of Primary Health Care: (i)
Provide essential curative care for common conditions at the level
of a
Primary Health Clinic and a defined community. (ii)
Assess nutritional status, manage nutritional problem and teach
sound nutritional practice at the level of a Primary Health Clinic and
defined community. (iii)
Provide immunization services to a defined community. (iv)
Provide maternal health services, including family planning, at
Primary Health Clinic level and in a defined community. (v)
Give health education to individuals, groups and communities (vi)
Identify and propose solutions to the problems of environmental
sanitation at the level of a defined community. (vii)
Describe the epidemiology of locally endemic diseases and provide
appropriate preventive and curative services at the level of Primary
Health Clinic and a defined community. (viii)
Identify, and plan for the provision of, the essential drugs
required for Primary Health Care services for a defined community. Manage,
monitor and evaluate the implementation of Primary Health services for a
defined community. Implement
appropriate training programmes for health personnel and members of the
community for the delivering of Primary Health Care services. Content: Introduction:
The Principles of Primary Health Care Equitable
distribution Integration
of services Appropriate
technology Community
participation Inter-sectoral
cooperation Community
Diagnosis -Methods
in practical epidemiology -The
conduct of demographic and morbidity services in a defined community -Methods
of informal data collection -The
structure and functioning of communities -Health
care alternatives at the community level Introduction
to Health Planning and Management -Identifying
and describing the health needs and problems of a defined community. -Establishing
health priorities for a defined community. -Setting
goals, objectives and targets for primary health services for a defined
community. -Formulating
a Primary Health Care plan -Drawing
up a Primary health Care budget Maternal
Health and Family Planning -Organizing
ante-natal care for maximum coverage of the community. Health
Education -The
identification of learning needs -Planning
health education for individual groups and communities -The
principles of communication -Selection
and production of appropriate audiovisual aids Environmental
Sanitation -Identification
of an appropriate water supply for a defined community. -Identification
of an appropriate method of sanitation for a defined community. -Promoting
self-help projects at the community level Locally
Endemic Diseases -The
epidemiology of locally endemic disease -Appropriate
management and prevention of locally endemic diseases at the Primary
Health Care level. Essential
Drugs -The
essential drugs approach -An
essential drugs list for Primary Health Care in Nigeria: What should be
included -Estimating
the essential drug needs of a defined community -Administering
an essential drugs policy at the level of Primary Health Care services for
a defined community. Health
Services Management and Evaluation -The
functional management -Organizational
structure -Integration
of services for Primary Health Care -Problem-solving
in management -Management
of staff, transport, drugs, equipment and supplies in Primary Health Care. -Budgeting
and accounts -Basic
Operations analysis techniques for monitoring Primary Health Care staff
and service performance: (i)
Work – sampling (ii)
Patient flow – up (iii)
Task analysis (iv)
Treatment audit -Assessment
of Primary Health Care Service coverage with particular reference to
availability, accessibility and acceptability. (i)
Effectiveness, efficiency, efficacy and equity in primary health
service delivery. 3.
Project Work Objective: In
order to further equip students on the application of research
methodology, skill and project development and write-up, each student will
be expected to choose a topic for community based study.
This is done under the supervision of a lecturer in the Department
and will serve among other requirements as a pre-requisite for final
examinations in the Department.
Each student will submit 2 hard cover bound completed and certified
project to the Department for assessment.
Each project will be pair-assessed by neutral lecturers in the
Department and graded to carry 30% of students’ continuous assessment.
Each student will be expected to defend his/her project work during the
oral examination.
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