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DEPARTMENT
OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW Physiology
deals with normal functions in the human body. It correlates anatomic,
structure and biochemistry with specific functions and constitutes the
Basis upon which pharmacology and pathology are founded. Some
of the most valuable contributions to medicine and the medical sciences
have been the outcome of laboratory studies in physiology. The role
physiology plays in throwing light upon disorders of function gives the
student of medicine as well as the practitioner a vantage point from which
to gain a rational view of pathological processes; hence physiology is the
basis upon which scientific medicine is practiced. Medical Physiology now
has applications, which reach beyond the direct realms of medicine. There is now the discipline of biomedical
engineering, which has its foundations and raison d’être
in the applied physiology. OBJECTIVES
The course is designed to give an
introduction to the physiological principles governing normal function of
the human body and to indicate the objectives of this study. Thus, the
factors, which determines the organization and integrative action of the
system of the body will be analyzed and discussed. The objectives of the
course are to; 1.
Indicates the core of physiological knowledge upon
which medical practice is based. 2.
Indicate the experimental basis of this knowledge 3.
Relate basic knowledge to an understanding of
common abnormalities; 4.
Use this basic knowledge to explain common
pathological disturbances, especially failure of certain functions 5.
Use the description of these disturbances to
reinforce basic knowledge 6.
Encourage the students to think of disease in terms
of disturbance of function TEACHING
& LEARNING METHODS Methods
of teaching include lectures, some given via computer network using power
point. Also practical and tutorials, to include seminars. EVALUATION Evaluation
involves the use of multiple choice questions (MCQ) with the true-false
items method. 200
LEVEL CLASS
First
semester
MPY
221: INTRODUCTION
TO PHYSIOLOGY (1 CREDIT)
Course
objective: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and summarize
functional organization of the human body. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Description
and functional organization of the human body -
cells as units of the body -
internal environment -
homeostatic mechanisms of the systems -
regulatory systems of the body The
cells and its functions; -
organization of the cells(structural) -
functional systems of the cell Transport
Mechanism across the cell membrane -
Diffusion -
Active transport -
Specialized transport phenomenon Cell
Genetics -
protein synthesis -
cell differentiation -
cell reproduction MPY
222 BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS (2 CREDITS)
Course
objective: Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Red
blood cells (Erythrocytes) Erythropoeisis Destruction
of RBC -
Anaemia -
Polycythemias White
Blood Cells(Leukocytes) -
General Characteristics
of Leukocytes -
WBC production -
Properties of WBC -
The reticuloendothelial system -
Inflammation and functions of WBC -
Leukaemias Immunity
and Allergy -
Classification of immunity -
Description of the process of immunity and allergy -
Antigens/Antibodies -
The Lymphoid tissues in immunity -
Hypersensitivity reactions -
Interferon -
Allergies in the normal and the allergic Blood
Grouping Systems -
Antigenicity and immune reactions of blood -
ABO blood groups -
Rhesus blood groups -
Other Blood factors -
Transfusion including transfusion reactions -
Introduction to tissue and organ transplantation Haemostasis
and Blood coagulation
Events in Haemostasis -
Mechanism of Blood coagulation -
Conversion prothrombin to thrombin -
Conditions that cause excessive bleeding in humans -
Thromboembolic conditions -
Blood coagulation tests Body
Fluids Capillary
Dynamics and Fluid Exchange between the blood and Interstitial fluid -
Blood flow in capillaries -
Exchange of nutrients and other substances across
the barriers -
Distribution of fluid volumes The
lymphatic system and interstitial fluid dynamics;
The lymphatic system -
Control of interstitial fluid protein concentration -
Mechanism of oedema formation The
special fluid system of the body
CSF
-Intra-ocular fluid -Fluid
circulation in other spaces e.g. pleural cavity Pericardial
cavity, peritoneal cavity, synovial cavities etc Osmotic
Equilibrium between ECF and ICF -Total
Body water -Body
fluid compartments -Measurements
of Body fluid volumes -Constituents
of ECF and ICF Osmotic
equilibrium and fluid shifts Volume
and Osmolality changes in ECF and ICF Physiological
Solutions-Clinical Uses/Replacement MPY
223: EXCITABLE TISSUES (1
CREDIT)
Course
objective: Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Excitable
membranes and Neuromuscular events Genesis
and conduction of action potentials -
Nerves -
Muscles Synapses
and transmitters Synaptic
excitation and inhibition Reflexology Sensory
Receptors MPY
224: CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS (2 CREDIT) Course
objective: Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content The
heart as a pump; -Physiology
of cardiac muscles -The
cardiac cycle Regulation
of cardiac function Rhythmic
Excitation of the heart; -The
special excitability and conductive system of the heart -Control
of Excitation and conduction system of the heart Abnormal
rhythms of the heart. The
Normal Electrocardiogram; -Characteristics
of the normal ECG -Methods
of recording ECG -Flow
of current around the Heart Electrocardiogram
Leads Electrocardiographic
Interpretation in cardiac myopathies -Principles
of vectorial analyses of ECG -Vectorial
analysis in the normal ECG The
mean electrical axis of the ventricle -Conditions
that cause Abnormal voltage of the QRS complex -Current
of injury Electrocardiographic
interpretation of cardiac arrhythmias -Abnormal
sinus rhythms -Abnormal
rhythms originating from impaired impulse transmission -Premature
beats -Abnormal
rhythms due to circus movements Physical
principles of Blood; -The
circulatory system as a ”circuit” -The
physical characteristics of Blood -Interrelationships
between pressure, flow and Resistance -Vascular
Distensibility (Pressure – Volume curves) -Circulatory
filling pressure/pressure volume changes of the entire circulatory system -Stress
Relaxation of vessels The
Systemic Circulation
-Physical characteristics of the systemic
circulation
-Pressure pulse in the arteries
-The arterioles and capillaries
-Vein and their functions Local
control of Blood Flow (Nerves and Humoral Regulation)
-Local control at tissue level
-Long-term local blood flow regulation
-Nerves regulation of the circulation
-Humoral regulation of the circulation Regulation
of Mean Arterial Pressure
-Normal Arterial pressure
-Relationship of arterial pressure to cardiac
output and TPR
-General Arterial Pressure Regulation
-Nervous mechanisms for rapid arterial
pressure control
-Hormonal mechanisms for rapid arterial
pressure control
-Intermediate mechanisms for arterial
pressure regulation
-Short-term to Long-term mechanisms of
pressure control
-Renal mechanisms for arterial pressure
control
-Hypertension (types, causes, mechanisms) Cardiac
output and venous return.
-Regulation of cardiac output
-Cardiac Output in abnormal conditions
-Methods of measuring cardiac output The
Pulmonary Circulation
-Physiologic anatomy of the pulmonary
circulatory system
-Pressures in the Pulmonary System
-Blood Flow through the lung
-Capillary Dynamics in the lungs The
Coronary Circulation
-Normal coronary Blood flow
-Control of coronary Blood flow
-Pathophysiology of Ischaemic Heart Disease Cardiac
Failure
-Dynamics of circulation in Cardiac Failure
-High output cardiac failure
-Cardiogenic shock
-Mechanism of Oedema in cardiac failure
-Physiological classification of cardiac
failure Heart
Sounds
-Normal Heart Sounds
-Principles of auscultation
-Phonocardiogram
-Abnormalities of Heart Sounds Circulatory
Shock (Physiology and Management)
-Physiological causes of shock
-Haemorrhagic shock
-Neurogenic shock
-Anaphylactic shock
-Septic shock
-Traumatic shock
-Effects of shock
-Physiology of circulatory arrest Muscle
Blood flow/ other specific sites
-Regulation of Blood flow through skeletal
muscle
-Cerebral circulation
-Splanchnic circulation
-Circulation in the skin
-Physiology of vascular diseases of the limbs
Pulmonary
ventilation -Mechanism
of Respiration -Pulmonary
volumes and capacities The
minute respiratory volume-RR,TV --Alveolar
ventilation -Functions
of Respiratory System -Artificial
Respiration Physical
principles of Gaseous Exchange -The
Physics of Gases -Composition
of Alveolar Air -Diffusion
of Gases through Respiratory membrane Transport
of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
in the Blood and Body fluids --Pressure
Differences of Oxygen and CO2 from the lungs to the tissues -Transport
of oxygen in the blood -Transport
of CO2 in the blood -The
Respiratory Exchange Ratios Regulation
of Respiration -The
respiratory centre -Humoral
Regulation of Respiration -
Basic mechanism of Humoral stimulation of the
Respiratory centre -
The chemoreceptor system for control of respiration -
Regulation of Respiration during Exercise -
Abnormalities of Respiratory control Respiratory
Insufficiency -Methods
for studying-Respiratory disorders -Physiologic
types of Respiratory insufficiency -Physiologic
peculiarities of specific pulmonary disorders -Hypoxia
Hypercapnia -Oxygen
therapy -Entrapped
Air/its absorption MPY
225: EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
(1 CREDIT) Second
semester MPY
226: THE GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT (1 CREDIT) Course
objective: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe
gastrointestinal functions. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content G.I
Mobility; -General
principles of Intestinal mobility -Functional
Types of movements in the GIT -Ingestion
of food (Mastication,Deglutition) -Motor
functions of the stomach -Movement
of the colon -Defecation -Autonomic
influences on bowels Activity Secretory
functions of the GIT; General
principles of G.I secretion -secretion
of saliva -Oesophageal
secretion -Gastric
secretion(characteristics and Regulation)
-pancreatic
secretion -Biliary
secretion -Secretion
of small intestine -Secretions
of the large intestine Digestion
and Absorption in the GIT -Digestion
of the various foods -Basic
principles of G.I Absorption -Absorption
in the small intestine -Absorption
in the large intestine Physiology
of Gastrointestinal Disorders; -Disorders
of swallowing -
Disorders of the stomach -
Disorders of the small intestine -
Disorders of the large intestine -
General disorders of the GIT MPY
227: RENAL SYSTEM (1 CREDIT) Course
objective: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the
physiology of the renal system. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Formation
of Urine; ·
Physiologic
Anatomy of the kidney ·
Basic
theory of Nephron Function ·
Renal
Blood flow and pressure ·
Glomerular
filtration/filtrate ·
Reabsorption
and secretion in the tubules ·
The
concept of plasma clearance ·
Effect
of Tubular load transfer maximum on urine constituents Renal
mechanisms for concentrating and Diluting the urine ·
The
counter-current mechanisms ·
Excretion
of urine constituents ·
Fluid
volume Excretion ·
Autoregulation
of RBF and GRF ·
Intrarenal
Function of the Renin-Anglotensin system Renal
Regulation of Blood Volume, ECF volume and ECF composition: control of
Blood volume control of ECF volume Control
of ECF constituents Acid-Base
Balance: ·
function
of Acid-Base Buffer ·
respiratory
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance ·
renal
regulation of Acid Hydrogen ion concentration ·
clinical
abnormalities of Acid-Base Balance Micturition/Renal
Disease/Diuresis: ·
Physiologic
Anatomy of the Bladder and its nervous connnections ·
Transport
of urine through the ureters ·
The
maturation reflex ·
Abnormalities
of maturation ·
Renal
Diseases (e,g, Renal failures, Hypertensive kidney diseases, Nephrotic
syndrome, tabular disorders) ·
Renal
function tests ·
Diuretics
and their mechanism of Actions MPY
228: ENDOCRINOLOGY (1 CREDIT)
Course
objective: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the
functions of hormones and growth factors. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Introduction: -
Nature of a Hormone (including classification) -
Mechanisms of Hormonal Action -
Interacellular Hormonal Mediators -
Actions of steroid Hormones -
The pituitary Gland, the Hypothalamus -
The adenohypophysis and its Regulation -
The posterior pituitary Gland/Hormones The
Thyroid Hormones: -
Formation and secretion of the Thyroid Hormones -
Functions of the Thyroid Hormone Secretion -
Interrelationship of the Thyroid Gland and other
Endocrine Glands -
Diseases of the Thyroid Adrenocortical
Hormones: -
Functions of the mineralocorticords -
Functions of the Clucocordicords -
Chemistry of Adrenocortical secretion -
The Adrenal Androgens -
Abnormalities of Adrenocortical Secretion. Insulin
Glucagon and Diabetes Mellitus: -
Effect of Insulin on Carbohydrate Metabolism -
Glucagon and its funcrions -
Regulation of Blood glucose concentration -
Diabetes Mellitus -
Hyperinsulinism Parathyroid
Hormone, Calcitonin: -
Calcium and phosphate in the ECF and plasma -
Function of Vitamin d -
Bone and its relationships with Extracellular
calcium and phosphates -
Parathyroid Hormone -
Calcitonin -
Control of calcium ion concentration -
Physiology of parathyroid and Bone Disease -
Physiology of the Teeth. MPY
229: REPRODUCTION (1 CREDIT)
Course
objective: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe
human reproductive functions. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Reproductive
Functions of the male and the male sex Hormones -
Spermatogenesis -
The male sexual Acts -
Testosterone and other male sex Hormone -
Abnormalities of male sexual functions Sexual
Functions in the Female and the Female Hormones: -
Physiologic Anatomy of the female sexual organs -
The female Hormonal system -
The monthly, ovarian cycle and the function the
Gonadotropic Hormones -
Regulation of female monthly Rhythm -
Interrelationship of the ovaries with other Glands -
Abnormalities of secretion by the ovaries -
The female sexual Act/Fertility Pregnancy
and Lactation: -
Maturation of the ovum and oogenesis -
Fertilization of the ovum/implantation -
Early intrauterine Nutrition of the Embryo -
Function of tile
placenta -
Hormonal factors in pregnancy -
Response of the mother to pregnancy -
Abnormal Responses of the mother to pregnancy -
Parturition -
Lactation Special
features of foetal and Neonatal Physiology: -
Growth and functional development of the foetus -
Infant Adaptation to extra uterine life -
Special problems of prematurity -
Special functional problem of the Neonate -
Growth and Development of the child. MPY
230: EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY (1 CREDIT) 300
LEVEL CLASS First
semester
MPY
321: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (1 CREDIT)
Course
objective: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe
functions of the nervous system. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content (A)
C.N.S. Organisation
of the Nervous System General
design of the Nervous system The
Three major levels of nervous system function Comparison
of the Nervous system with an Electronic computer Neuronal synapses Transmission
and processing of information in the Nervous system: -
Information signals and impulse -
Transmission of signals in Nerve tracts -
Transmission
and processing of signals in Neuronal pools -
Instability and stability of Neuronal circuits Sensory
Receptors: -
Types of sensory receptors -
Transaction of sensory stimuli into
Nervous impulses -
Physiologic classification of Nerve fibres Somatic
Sensations: -
Classification of somatic sensation -
Detection and transmission of Tactile sensations -
Transmission of mechanoreceptive sensations -
Transmission Dorsal column pathway -
Transmission in the spinothalamic system -
Qualities of pain -
Methods of measuring pain -
Pain Receptors -
The reaction of pain -
Referred pain -
Visceral pain -
Headache -
Thermal sensations -
Clinical abnormalities of pains Motor
functions of the spinal cord/cord Reflex: -
Organisation of the spinal cord for motor functions -
Role of muscle spindle in motor control -
Reflexes (e.g. tendon, flexor,
extensor, fatigue, etc) -
Autonomic Reflexes in the spinal cord -
Spinal cord Transaction/Spinal shock. Motor
functions of the Brain stem and Basal Ganglia: -
The Reticular formation, and support of the body
against gravity -
Vestibular system and maintenance of equilibrium -
Functions of the Reticular formation -
Motor functions of the Basal Ganglia -
Clinical Application of cord and Brain stem
Reflexes in man. Cortical
Cerebellar Control of Motor
Functions: -
Physiologic Anatomy of the Motor Areas of the
cortex and their pathway to the cord -
The cerebellum and its motor functions -
Sensory feedback control of motor functions -
Initiation of voluntary motor activity The
Reticular Activating System: -
Function of the RAS in wakefulness -
Diffuse thalamocortical system -
Attention -
Brain waves -
Wakefulness and sleep The
Cerebral Cortex: -
Physiologic anatomy of the cerebral cortex -
Functions of specific cortical areas -
Thought, Learning and consciousness, including
memory -
Functions of the Brain in communication -
Functions of the corpus callosum The
Limbic System: -
Vegetative functions of the Hypothalamus -
The role of Reticular formation and Behavioural
functions (B)
A.N.S. General
Organisation of the Autonomic Nervous system -
Physiologic Anatomy of the sympathetic nervous
system -
Physiologic Anatomy of the parasympathetic nervous
system. Basic
Characteristics and sympathetic and parasympathetic Functions: -
Cholinergic and Adrenergic fibres -
Receptor substances -
Excitation and inhibition -
Effect of ANS on specific organs -
Effect of
enervation on ANS The
Autonomic Reflexes: -
Discharge patterns in sympathetic/parasympathetic
systems -
Alarm or “Stress” functions of the sympathetic
nervous system -
Control of ANS Basic
Pharmacology of the ANS: -
Adrenergic drugs/agents -
Cholinergic drug/agents -
Nicotinic drugs/agents MPY
322: NUTRITION AND METABOLISM (1 CREDIT)
Course
objective: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe
metabolism of nutrients Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Metabolism
of Carbohydrate and formation of ATP: -
Release of energy from food and the concept of
“Free Energy” -
Role of ATP in Metabolism -
Transport of monosaccharides through the cell
membrane -
Glycogen storage in liver and muscle -
Release of Energy from the Glucose molecule (e.g.
Glycolytic pathway; phosphogluconate pathway) -
Gluconeogensis -
Blood Glucose Lipid
Metabolism: -
Transport of lipids in the Blood -
Free fatly acid -
Fat deposits -
Use of triglycerides for energy and ATP formation -
Regulation of Energy Release from Triglycerides -
Phospholips and cholesterol Protein
Metabolism: -
Basic properties of proteins including the physical
characteristics -
Transport and storage of Amino Acids -
The plasume proteins -
Protein synthesis -
Use of proteins for energy -
Hormonal Regulation of protein metabolism. The
Liver and Biliary System: -
Physiologic Anatomy of the liver -
Secretion of Bile and functions of the Billiard
tree (including the physiologic anatomy of the Biliary secretion) -
Metabolic functions of the liver. Energetic
and Metabolic Rate: -
Importance of ATP in metabolism -
Control of Energy Release in the cell -
The metabolic Rate (including its measurement) Dietary
Balances (Regulation of Feeding) -
Dietary Balances -
Regulation of Food Intake -
Obesity/Inanition -
Starvation. Vitamins
and Mineral Metabolism: -
Classification of Vitamins -
Specific vitamins (sources, action, regulation)
i.e. -
Mineral metabolism. MPY
323: SPECIAL SENSES (1 CREDIT)
Course
objective: Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Optics
of Vision: -
Physical principles of optics -
The optics of the eye -
Optical instruments. Receptor
and functions of the Retina: -
Anatomy and function of the Retina -
Photochemistry of vision -
Colour vision The
Neurophysiology of Vision -
The visual pathway -
Neutral function of the retina -
Function of the lateral geniculate body -
Function of the primary visual cortex -
The fields of vision -
Eye movements and their control -
Autonomic control of Accommodation and papillary
Aperture. The
Sense of Hearing: -
The tympanic membrane and the auricular system -
The cochlea – physiologic Anatomy and sound wave
transmission, function of organs of cortex -
Central Auditory mechanisms -
Hearing impairments The
Chemical senses – Taste and Smell: -
The sense of Taste (sensations, Taste buds, taste
pathway) -
The sense of smell (olfactory membrane/cells,
olfactory pathway) MPY
324: EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY (1 CREDIT) CLD
324: CLINICAL DEMONSTRATIONS (1 CREDIT) CLINICAL
DEMONSTRATION – CDL 324:
MPY
325: BASIC RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES AND ETHICS IN PHYSIOLOGY (1 CREDIT)
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